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FastCGI Programmer's Guide - Chapter 2, Developing FastCGI Applications in C
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2 Developing FastCGI
Applications in C
This chapter explains how to code FastCGI applications in C and how to build them into executables.
If you are converting a CGI application into a FastCGI application, in many cases you will
only need to add a few lines of code. For more complex applications, you may also need to rearrange some code.
The I/O Libraries
The FastCGI Software Development Kit that accompanies Open Market WebServer 2.0 includes I/O libraries to
simplify the job of converting existing CGI applications to FastCGI or writing new FastCGI applications. There
are two libraries in the kit: fcgi_stdio and fcgiapp. You must include one of these header files in your
program:
The fcgi_stdio library is a layer on top of the fcgiapp library, and we recommend
strongly that you use it, both for converting existing CGI applications and for writing new FastCGI
applications. The fcgi_stdio library offers several advantages:
-
-
Simplicity: there are only 3 new API calls to learn
-
Familiarity: If you are converting a CGI application to FastCGI, you will find few changes between CGI and
FastCGI. We designed our library to make the job of building a FastCGI application as similar as possible
to that of building a FastCGI application: you use the same environment variables, same techniques for
parsing query strings, the same I/O routines, and so on.
-
Convenience: the library provides full binary compatibility between CGI and FastCGI. That is, you can run
the same binary as either CGI or FastCGI.
The fcgiapp library is more specific to FastCGI, without trying to provide the veneer of familiarity with CGI.
This manual describes the fcgi_stdio library; the fcgiapp library is documented in the header files that
accompany the development kit.
Code Structure
To structure code for FastCGI, you separate your code into two sections:
-
-
Initialization section, which is executed only once.
-
Response loop section, which gets executed every time the FastCGI script gets called.
A response loop typically has the following format:
while (FCGI_Accept() >= 0) {
# body of response loop
}
The FCGI_Accept blocks until a client request comes in, and then returns 0. If there is a system
failure, or the system administrator terminates the process, Accept will return -1.
If the application was invoked as a CGI program, the first call to Accept returns 0 and
the second always returns -1, producing CGI behavior. (See "FCGI_Accept
(3)" on page 21 for details.)
Also note that the CGI world encourages small scripts, whereas FastCGI encourages
combining scripts. You may choose to rethink the overall structure of your applications to take better
advantage of FastCGI performance gains.
Example 1: TinyFastCGI
Here is a simple example of a responder FastCGI application written in C:
#include "fcgi_stdio.h" /* fcgi library; put it first*/
#include <stdlib.h>
int count;
void initialize(void)
{
count=0;
}
void main(void)
{
/* Initialization. */
initialize();
/* Response loop. */
while (FCGI_Accept() >= 0) {
printf("Content-type: text/html\r\n"
"\r\n"
"<title>FastCGI Hello! (C, fcgi_stdio library)</title>"
"<h1>FastCGI Hello! (C, fcgi_stdio library)</h1>"
"Request number %d running on host <i>%s</i>\n",
++count, getenv("SERVER_HOSTNAME"));
}
}
Example 2: Prime Number Generator
Consider a responder application that generates the n-th prime number.
A CGI application would have no efficient way of solving this problem. For example, if the
user asks for the 50,000th prime number, a CGI application would have to calculate the first prime number,
then the second, and so on, up until the 50,000th. The application would then terminate, taking with it all
its hard-earned calculations. If a client then asks for the 49,000th prime number, the server will have to
spawn a new CGI application which will have to start calculating prime numbers from scratch.
FastCGI applications can be much more efficient at this sort of problem, since they can
maintain state. A FastCGI application can calculate an extensive table of prime numbers in its initialization
phase and then keep the table around indefinitely. Whenever a client requests a particular prime number, the
response loop merely needs to look it up in the table.
Here is the code for the prime number example:
#include "fcgi_stdio.h"
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#define POTENTIALLY_PRIME 0
#define COMPOSITE 1
#define VALS_IN_SIEVE_TABLE 1000000
#define MAX_NUMBER_OF_PRIME_NUMBERS 78600
/* All initialized to POTENTIALLY_PRIME */
long int sieve_table[VALS_IN_SIEVE_TABLE];
long int prime_table[MAX_NUMBER_OF_PRIME_NUMBERS];
/* Use Sieve of Erastothenes method of building
a prime number table. */
void
initialize_prime_table(void)
{
long int prime_counter=1;
long int current_prime=2, c, d;
prime_table[prime_counter]=current_prime;
while (current_prime < VALS_IN_SIEVE_TABLE) {
/* Mark off composite numbers. */
for (c = current_prime; c <= VALS_IN_SIEVE_TABLE;
c += current_prime) {
sieve_table[c] = COMPOSITE;
}
/* Find the next prime number. */
for (d=current_prime+1; sieve_table[d] == COMPOSITE; d++);
/* Put the new prime number into the table. */
prime_table[++prime_counter]=d;
current_prime=d;
}
}
void main(void)
{
char *query_string;
long int n;
initialize_prime_table();
while(FCGI_Accept() >= 0) {
/*
* Produce the necessary HTTP header.
*/
printf("Content-type: text/html\r\n"
"\r\n");
/*
* Produce the constant part of the HTML document.
*/
printf("<title>Prime FastCGI</title>\n"
"<h1>Prime FastCGI</h1>\n");
/*
* Read the query string and produce the variable part
* of the HTML document.
*/
query_string = getenv("QUERY_STRING");
if(query_string == NULL) {
printf("Usage: Specify a positive number in the query string.\n");
} else {
query_string = strchr(query_string, `=') + 1;
n = strtol(query_string);
if(n < 1) {
printf("The query string `%s' is not a positive number.\n",
query_string);
} else if(n > MAX_NUMBER_OF_PRIME_NUMBERS) {
printf("The number %d is too large for this program.\n", n);
} else
printf("The %ldth prime number is %ld.\n", n, prime_table[n]);
}
}
} /* while FCGI_Accept */
}
This application has a noticeable start up cost while it initializes the table, but subsequent accesses are
fast.
Building
This section explains how to build and debug FastCGI applications written in C.
The C preprocessor needs to know the location of the fcgi_stdio.h header
file, which is at the following pathname:
$toolkit/include/fcgi_stdio.h
where $toolkit symbolizes the directory in which you have installed the Software Development Kit for
FastCGI.
The linker needs to know the location of the libfcgi.a library file, which is
at the following pathname:
$toolkit/libfcgi/libfcgi.a
If your linker does not search the Berkeley socket library, then you must add linker directives to force this
search.
We provide a sample application Makefile at the following pathname:
$toolkit/examples/Makefile
This Makefile contains the necessary rules and pathnames to build the C FastCGI applications
accompanying the toolkit. To build all the applications, type:
$ ./configure
$ make
Memory Leaks
Memory leaks are seldom a problem in CGI programming because CGI applications rarely run long enough to be
concerned with leaks. However, memory leaks can become a problem in FastCGI applications, particularly if each
call to a popular FastCGI application causes additional memory to leak.
When converting to FastCGI, you can either use a tool such as Valgrind to discover and fix storage
leaks, or you can run a C garbage collector such as Boehm-Demers-Weiser conservative garbage collector
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